All In-Stock Peptides Available in Calibrated Research Pens

Cryo-EM structural determination of retatrutide bound to GLP-1R, GIPR, and GCGR in complex with heterotrimeric Gs proteins, mapping the N-terminal transmembrane recognition contacts underlying triple Class B1 GPCR agonism.

Ex-vivo pharmacological assay in isolated murine atrial preparations characterizing GCGR-, GIPR-, and GLP-1R-coupled adenylyl cyclase, intracellular cAMP, and protein kinase A (PKA) signalling pathways.

Pre-clinical murine assay examining renal pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, caspase-1, NLRP3) and pro-fibrotic marker (fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen I) gene expression alongside serum lipid and butyrate profiles.

Analytical validation of a C18 reversed-phase liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method resolving single, dual, and triple receptor agonist peptides with sub-ppm mass accuracy and MS/MS fragment confirmation.

In-vitro receptor signalling and occupancy study demonstrating full GIPR agonism and biased GLP-1R signalling favouring cyclic AMP (cAMP) generation over β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalisation.

Cryo-electron microscopy structure determination of tirzepatide bound to GIPR and GLP-1R, defining the near-atomic extracellular and transmembrane receptor-ligand interactions governing dual incretin agonism.

Cryo-EM and molecular dynamics analysis demonstrating how the C20 fatty-diacid acylation moiety and chimeric peptide sequence govern GIPR and GLP-1R receptor activation and reduced GLP-1R desensitisation.

Cellular and murine receptor-signalling study showing that long-acting GIPR agonism modulates intracellular insulin-receptor cascade cooperativity, glucose transport, glycerol conversion, and lipolytic flux in cultured adipocytes.

Structure-activity relationship study detailing the Aib8 substitution for DPP-4 enzymatic stability and Lys26 C18 fatty-diacid acylation with a γGlu-2xOEG linker for reversible serum albumin binding and high GLP-1R potency.

Molecular pharmacology review of acylated GLP-1 analogues examining fatty-acid linker chemistry, non-covalent albumin association, and intracellular GLP-1 receptor cAMP signalling cascades.

Liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) preformulation study mapping aqueous peptide bond hydrolysis, deamidation, and buffer-dependent stability profiles of semaglutide across pH and thermal conditions.

1.5-microsecond conventional molecular dynamics (cMD) and MM-GBSA free-energy simulation characterising non-covalent binding of the C18 diacid chain of semaglutide across fatty-acid binding pockets on serum albumin.

Medicinal chemistry design and structural optimisation of cagrilintide (AM833), detailing proline substitutions that prevent amyloid fibril formation alongside N-terminal C20 fatty-diacid lipidation for albumin binding.

In-vitro receptor pharmacology study profiling AM833 (cagrilintide) across canonical calcitonin receptor (CTR) and RAMP-complexed amylin receptors (AMY1R, AMY2R, AMY3R), quantifying cAMP, ERK1/2, and β-arrestin signalling.

Cryo-electron microscopy determination of calcitonin receptor–RAMP1/2/3 heterodimers bound to peptide agonists, elucidating how RAMP extracellular domains allosterically modulate amylin receptor peptide selectivity.

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), circular dichroism, and biophysical characterisation of fatty-acid-acylated amylin analogue self-association, oligomeric equilibrium, and physical stability in aqueous vehicles.

Ex-vivo rat Achilles tendon explant and cultured tendon fibroblast study demonstrating concentration-dependent acceleration of cellular migration, culture-dish spreading, H2O2 stress survival, and FAK–paxillin phosphorylation.

In-vitro human vascular endothelial cell and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) study showing upregulated VEGFR2 mRNA/protein expression, receptor internalisation, and VEGFR2–Akt–eNOS phosphorylation.

cDNA microarray, RT-qPCR, and Western blot study in isolated rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts showing concentration- and time-dependent upregulation of growth hormone receptor expression and downstream JAK2 phosphorylation.

In-vitro human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) transwell, scratch-migration, and Matrigel tube-formation assays demonstrating concentration-dependent cell-cycle progression and ERK1/2, FAK, and paxillin phosphorylation.

Biochemical study showing that the actin-sequestering peptide Fx and thymosin beta 4 are the same molecule, and describing how it binds actin monomers.

Review of the beta-thymosin peptide family: structure, distribution and known molecular interactions, including actin binding.

In-vitro endothelial cell adhesion, migration, tube-formation, and chick aortic-ring sprouting study demonstrating that the conserved central 7-amino-acid G-actin-binding motif (LKKTETQ) reproduces the angiogenic signalling of full-length thymosin β4.

Embryonic and postnatal cardiomyocyte culture and biochemical study showing that the G-actin-sequestering polypeptide thymosin β4 forms a functional PINCH–integrin-linked kinase (ILK) complex that activates protein kinase B (Akt) signalling.

Foundational biochemical and structure-function study demonstrating that the histidyl-lysyl tripeptide chelates copper(II) in equimolar coordination and facilitates cellular copper transport in cultured hepatoma cells.

In-vitro fibroblast culture study showing picomolar-to-nanomolar (10^-12 to 10^-9 M) stimulation of collagen biosynthesis by the GHK–Cu(II) coordination complex independent of cell-number changes.

Radiolabelled [3H]-glucosamine and [35S]-sulfate incorporation assay in cultured human fibroblasts demonstrating biphasic stimulation of extracellular dermatan sulfate and cell-layer heparan sulfate synthesis at 10^-9 to 10^-8 M GHK-Cu.

X-ray crystallographic structural study resolving the high-affinity square-pyramidal copper(II) coordination sphere formed by the N-terminal GHK tripeptide motif in recombinant fusion proteins.

Two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy and molecular-mechanics conformational analysis of the α-MSH(11–13) C-terminal tripeptide Ac-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2 (KPV), defining its folded trans-proline secondary structure in solution.

In-vitro Caco-2, HT29-Cl.19A, and Jurkat T-cell study demonstrating that the oligopeptide transporter PepT1 mediates intracellular uptake of the KPV tripeptide to inhibit NF-κB and MAPK pro-inflammatory signalling cascades.

In-vitro bronchial epithelial cell study demonstrating that the tripeptide KPV suppresses TNF-α- and respiratory syncytial virus-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and IL-8/eotaxin chemokine secretion.

Synthetic peptide chemistry and NMR spectroscopic characterisation of modified Lys-Pro-Val (KPV) tripeptide derivatives engineered to resist proteolytic aminopeptidase degradation in biological matrices.

Two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy and distance-geometry structural determination of the biologically active 29-amino-acid N-terminal domain of growth hormone-releasing factor, identifying two α-helical regions.

In-vitro cell culture study demonstrating specific GHRH(1-29)-NH2 receptor binding, cellular proliferation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in neuroendocrine cell lines.

Analytical review of synthetic GHRH(1-29) analogues including CJC-1295 and sermorelin, covering solid-phase sequence modifications, proteolytic cleavage pathways, and high-resolution mass spectrometry identification.

Validation of a nano-LC–quadrupole/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry workflow for separating and quantifying intact GHRH(1-29) analogues and their N-terminal enzymatic fragments.

Foundational receptor-pharmacology characterisation of the synthetic pentapeptide ipamorelin (Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in primary rat pituitary cells and in-vivo models, demonstrating high GHSR-1a selectivity without ACTH or cortisol elevation.

Medicinal chemistry and structure-activity relationship study of ipamorelin pentapeptide analogues evaluating N-methylated backbones and aromatic side-chain conformations in rat pituitary cell assays.

Pre-clinical rodent study quantifying concentration-dependent longitudinal bone growth rate and somatotroph hormone release following administration of the selective pentapeptide secretagogue ipamorelin.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) study in rodent models examining cortical and cancellous bone mineral content under GHSR-1a agonist stimulation.

Molecular and murine biochemical study demonstrating that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and intracellular NAD+ levels oscillate under CLOCK:BMAL1 transcriptional control to regulate SIRT1 deacetylase activity.

Cellular and murine bioenergetics study showing that nuclear NAD+ depletion reduces SIRT1 activity and stabilises HIF-1α under normoxic conditions, downregulating mitochondrially encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits.

Mechanistic review of subcellular NAD+ compartmentalisation, salvage-pathway enzymatic synthesis, sirtuin and PARP cosubstrate consumption, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt).

Enzymatic and knockout-mouse study identifying the ectoenzyme NADase CD38 as a primary regulator of cellular NAD+ degradation, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and SIRT3-dependent protein deacetylation.

PCR-array transcriptional profiling study in murine splenic cells demonstrating that the synthetic heptapeptide Selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) and its Gly-Pro fragment modulate cytokine, chemokine, and receptor gene expression.

RT-qPCR gene-expression study in rat frontal cortex examining mRNA levels of 84 neurotransmission-related genes, demonstrating coordinated modulation of GABAA receptor subunits, transporters, and ion-channel transcripts by Selank.

In-vitro human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cell culture study demonstrating that Selank modulates GABAergic receptor subunit gene expression and acts as an allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor binding.

Biochemical and receptor-binding study characterising specific high-affinity membrane binding sites for radiolabelled [3H]-Selank and its allosteric modulation of [3H]-GABA binding on rat brain synaptosomal membranes.

Radioligand binding and immunoassay study using tritium-labelled [3H]-Semax on rat basal forebrain membranes, characterizing specific saturable receptor binding and concentration-dependent elevation of BDNF protein and mRNA in primary glial cultures.

RP-HPLC and uniformly tritium-labelled peptide degradation study elucidating the sequential aminopeptidase cleavage pathway of Semax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) into stable C-terminal hexapeptide and pentapeptide fragments.

Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry study in rat hippocampal tissue demonstrating rapid upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) mRNA and protein levels.

Genome-wide RatRef-12 BeadChip microarray transcriptomic analysis mapping 96 immune-, chemokine-, immunoglobulin-, and vascular-signalling transcripts modulated by the heptapeptide Semax in rat cortical tissue.

1H-NMR spectroscopy and distance-restraint conformational study of the cyclic lactam melanocortin agonist scaffold Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-Pro-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys] defining the spatial beta-turn orientation of the His/Pro-D-Phe-Arg-Trp pharmacophore.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 3D-QSAR pharmacophore modelling of cyclic lactam heptapeptides derived from the Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys] scaffold, mapping steric and hydrophobic determinants of human MC4R selectivity.

Cryo-electron microscopy structure determination of the human melanocortin-4 receptor–Gs protein complex bound to cyclic peptide agonists including bremelanotide (PT-141), resolving calcium-cofactor coordination and transmembrane helix 6 activation.

In-vitro glioblastoma cell-culture assay investigating melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide (PT-141) effects on cellular proliferation, apoptosis markers, and intracellular survivin protein expression.